نوآوری های ایرانی در اینترنت

اینترنت شبکه‌ی اطلاع‌رسانی بسیار گسترده‌ای است که هر لحظه بر گستردگی آن افزوده می‌شود. اگر در این دنیای گسترده‌ی اطلاعات دیجیتال درباره‌ی ایران و ایرانی جست و جو کنیم، به چه چیزهایی دست پیدا می‌کنیم؟ بیایید چند کلیدواژه را در کاوشگر گوگل بیازماییم. اگر عبارت "invented in Persia " (اختراع شده در ایران باستان) را وارد کنیم، به برخی از نوآوری‌های ایرانیان در زمینه‌های گوناگون دست پیدا می‌کنیم. البته، شمار نوآوری‌های ایرانی بیش از این است و به جست و جوی بیشتر نیاز دارد.   

 Invented in Persia (Persian innovation)

  1. The first windmill was invented in Persia around 600 A.D.

  2. Poker was also invented in Persia

  3. Backgammon (nard) invented in Persia

  4. Santour was invented in Persia

  5. Qanat was invented in Persia

  6. An earlier form of air conditioning was invented in Persia

  7. Polo game was invented in Persia , some 500 years B.C.

  8. Algebra was invented in Persia

  9. In the 1400's, body armor was invented in Persia 

  10. Marzipan was actually invented in Persia

  11. The oud, a pear-shaped stringed instrument invented in Persia 1300 years ago

  12. The game of chess was invented in Persia

  13. Vexilloid (flag like standard) invented in Persia

  14. The popular Venetian blinds were actually invented in Persia

  15. Wine was invented in Persia

  16. During the Persian Empire , around 500 BC, people first began to use the abacus

  17. Trousers were invented in Persia

  18. Marbling was first invented in Persia

  19. Ghazals are poetic love songs invented in Persia a thousand years ago

  20. AFAIK the concept was invented in Persia

  21. Noria invented in Persia

  22. Firuzabad is the earliest surviving example of the use of the squinches, suggesting that this architectural technique was probably invented in Persia 

  23. Pudding invented in Persia

  24. Water wheel invented in Persia

  25. The CRUCIFORM MOSQUE, a new form invented in Persia   

  اکنون می‌توانید کاوش خود را با کلید واژه‌های دیگری ادامه دهید:

  1. خاستگاه آن ایران است: " originated in persia "

  2. خاستگاه آن ایران است: " originated in iran "

  برای پیدا کردن برابر فارسی واژگان انگلیسی می‌توانید از پایگاه‌های زیر بهره ببرید:

  1. www. farsidic .com

  2. www. aryanpour .com  

حافظه‌های "میکرو اس.دی" با حجم 8 گیگابایت

شرکت کره جنوبی سامسونگ نسل جدید حافظه های "MicroSD " خود را با حجم 8 گیگابایت برای استفاده در تلفن های همراه به بازار عرضه کرد.

اندازه این حافظه 8 گیگا بایتی جدید سامسونگ نسبت به "اس. دی" های کوچکی که در دوربین های عکاسی دیجیتال مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد، کاهش یافته است. با تولید این محصول جدید 8 گیگابایتی که می تواند دریایی از اطلاعات را درخود ذخیره کند، سامسونگ تبدیل به بزرگترین تولیدکننده حافظه های فلاش در دنیا شده است. بر اساس پایگاه خبری macitynet ، با استفاده از این حافظه 8 گیگابایتی در تلفن های همراه می توان 2 هزار قطعه موسیقی یا 4 هزار عکس 2 مگابایتی یا 5 فیلم با کیفیت در حد "دی.وی.دی" را ذخیره کرد. در این حافظه سرعت ورود برای خواندن اطلاعات  16 مگابایت بر ثانیه و برای نوشتن آنها 6 مگا بایت برثانیه است.

http://www.mehrnews.com

GPRS Protocol Layers

This figure shows how a GSM system can be upgraded to offer GPRS services. This diagram shows that an existing GSM channel is removed, replaced, or upgraded to have GPRS and EDGE/EGPRS modulation and transmission capability. This diagram shows that packet control unit (PCU) must be added to the base station controller (BSC) and packet data switching nodes and gateways must also be added to allow data packets to be routed between mobile devices and data networks (e.g. the Internet).

GPRS Addressing

This figure shows how a GPRS system uses multiple addresses to allow IP datagram packet to transfer between the end user an Internet web sites. This example shows that the end user mobile data device uses its IMSI to communicate with the SGSN. The SGSN links this IMSI to a private IP address that routes the data packets to a gateway router. When the data packets reach the GGSN, they are linked (mapped) to a public Internet address that allows the packet to reach its destination.

Table of Contents

Introduction to GPRS and EDGE

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Enhanced Data for Global Evolution (EDGE)
Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS)
Compact GPRS

Upgrading GSM to GPRS and EDGE

GPRS and EGPRS Industry Specifications

Packet Data Services

Mobile Services (M-Services)
Stream Prioritization
Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS)
Multicast Services
Asynchronous Channels
Asymmetric Channels
Quality of Service (QoS)
-Conversation Class
-Streaming Class
-Interactive Class
-Background Class

Short Messaging Services
SMS and GPRS
Location Based Services (LBS)
Packet Data Service Measurement Types
-Data Throughput
-Packet Loss
-Latency
-Jitter

GPRS and EGPRS Devices (Mobile Stations)

Mobile Device Classes
-Class A – Simultaneous Voice and Data
-Class B – Automatic Transfer of Voice and Data
-Class C – Single System Selection
-Dual Transfer Mode (DTM)
-Multi-slot Class

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
External Modems (USB or Ethernet)
PCMCIA Air Cards
Embedded Radio Modules
Mobile Telephones
Dual Mode Capability

GPRS and EGPRS Radio

RF Channel Types
Frequency Bands
Frequency Reuse
Frequency Hopping
RF Power Control
Dynamic Time Alignment
Channel Structure
Multi-frame
Coding Schemes (CS)
Encryption
Modulation
Data Packet Encapsulation
Packet Data Channel Sharing

Channels

Physical Channels
-Packet Data Channel (PDCH)

Logical Channels
Traffic Channels
Control Channels
GSM Logical Channels
-Broadcast Channels (BCH)
-Common Control Channels (CCCH)
-Dedicated Control Channels
-General Logical to Physical Channel Mapping for GSM

GPRS Logical Channels
-Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH)
-Packet Common Control Channels (PCCCH)
-Packet Data Traffic Channel (PDTCH)
-Packet Dedicated Control Channels (PDCCH)
-Compact Mode of GPRS

GPRS and EDGE/EGPRS Network

Base Stations
-Packet Control Unit (PCU)
-Communication Links

Switching Centers
-Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
-Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node (SGSN)
-Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

Network Databases
-Home Location Register (HLR)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
-Charging Gateway (CG)
-Billing Center (BC)
-Authentication Center (AuC)
-SMS Service Center (SC)

Wireless Network System Interconnection
-Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
-Public Packet Data Network (PPDN)
-Interworking Function (IWF)

IP Backbone Network
-GPRS Roaming Exchange (GRX)

Addressing

Mobile Device
-Mobile Station ISDN (MSISDN)
-International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
-International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)
-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
-Temporary Block Flow (TBF)
-Temporary Flow Identifier (TFI)

Infrastructure Addressing
-Access Point Naming (APN)
-GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)
-Tunneling End Point Identifier (TEID)

IP Addressing
-Static and Dynamic (DHCP) Addressing

GPRS and EDGE/EGPRS System Operation

Initialization
Standby State
Initial Assignment/Access
Ready State (Connected Mode)
-Dynamic Allocation
-Extended Dynamic Allocation
-Fixed Allocation
-Packet Acknowledgement

Always-on Condition
Registration Area Updates
GPRS Roaming
Voice Call and Data Session Transfer Operation
Data to Voice (GPRS to GSM)
Transfer Between GPRS and IS-136

GPRS and EGPRS Radio Layers

Physical Layer
Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
Radio Link Control (RLC) Layer
Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer
Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)

Future Evolution

Third Generation GSM (3GSM)

A Robotic Cable Crawler

Burying power cables underground has uncluttered the streets and kept lights on through storms, but water seepage, natural disasters, and general wear and tear can still cut power. As a result, a large utility company typically employs 4,000 workers and spends up to $200 million annually to monitor and maintain tens of thousands of miles of subterranean cables. Soon, instead of sending a crew to put a cable through high-voltage stress tests every time there's a mishap, companies could deploy a robot to pinpoint the problem. Researchers at the University of Washington have invented the Robotic Cable Inspection System, or Cruiser, a four-foot-long, train-like 'bot that crawls along power cables buried in utility tunnels, sniffing out trouble spots along the way.

Cruiser coasts along on hourglass-shaped wheels, and adjustable stabilizer arms keep it upright. The segmented design snakes around curves and allows for modular expansion of the robot, making it possible to add extra sensors or battery packs without a major overhaul. Human operators can upload a basic mission plan, which the robot's circuit-board brain fine-tunes as it encounters damaged cable.

Last December, Cruiser aced its first field test, inspecting segments of cable for post-hurricane water damage in New Orleans. Several large utility companies have already expressed interest in the robot, and a commercial version could roll out as soon as 2012.

Graham Murdoch

HOW IT WORKS

1. Acoustics
   An acoustic sensor listens for electrical sparks inside the cable bundle, a sure sign of failing insulation.
   
2. Heat Sensing
   Hotspots indicate that the conductors or insulators are decaying. An infrared thermal sensor sends real-time temperature data back to the command computer.
   
3. Mobility
   Electric motors drive hourglass-shaped wheels that straddle the cable crest to help the 'bot keep its balance, and stabilizer arms prevent it from rolling over.
   
4. Vision
   The 'bot beams the view from a front-mounted video camera to the command computer, where human eyes can look out for obstructions and sharp turns that could overwhelm its programming

Blueprint for a Green Laptop

In 2009, worldwide laptop sales are expected to surpass desktop sales for the first time—reaching more than 150 million. Most people will keep a laptop for just three years or so before shelving it or tossing it onto a junk heap. Here's how designers plan to make this ubiquitous gadget more eco-friendly across its entire life span, from manufacture to recycling.

PROBLEM: Petroleum-filled plastic SOLUTION: Make cases from corn New bioplastics—plant-based polymers—require less oil and energy to produce than traditional plastics. One challenge: upping heat resistance so electronics won't melt them. Fujitsu makes a laptop with a half-natural, half-conventional case and is now testing a castor-oil plastic that's up to 80 percent bio-content.

PROBLEM: Landing in landfills SOLUTION: Upgrade, don't trash The EPA estimates that Americans discard 19,000 tons of laptops a year. But soon it may get easier (and cheaper) to upgrade your laptop than to replace it, keeping e-waste out of dumps and saving the energy and materials needed for a whole new computer. Laptop-maker Asus recently released a model that lets users change the processor, graphics card and other parts just by removing one panel, instead of spending hours disassembling the computer.

PROBLEM: Power-sucking displays SOLUTION: Create greener light An LCD can eat more than half of a laptop's power, mostly due to its fluorescent backlight. Some laptops are lit with more-efficient LEDs instead, but the next step may be to nix backlights altogether. Displays made of OLEDs, or organic light-emitting diodes, form images with electroluminescent films. In small sizes, as in cellphones, OLEDs can significantly cut power use (depending on the image's colors); companies hope that this advantage will scale up.

PROBLEM: Guzzling power from the grid SOLUTION: Harness the sun Portable solar chargers suited for laptops already exist. A company called MSI Computer has even developed a prototype laptop with photovoltaic cells integrated directly into its case.

PROBLEM: Toxic waste SOLUTION: Get the lead out Concerned that dumped gadgets could leak poisons, the law is cracking down on dangerous ingredients. (The lead in solder, for example, is now being replaced by silver and copper.) Last year, the European Union enacted legal limits on toxins in electronics sold there, and the U.S. introduced a similar (though voluntary) rating system for computers. President Bush recently mandated that 95 percent of government-purchased electronics meet the American eco-standards, eliminating about 3,000 tons of hazardous waste by 2011.

PROBLEM: Tricky recycling SOLUTION: Make a digital parts list Recycling computers can be expensive and time-consuming. Dismantlers usually pull out valuable parts for reuse or resale, but they have to examine each computer individually to determine what's in it. If manufacturers add a radio-frequency ID tag to a laptop, says Valerie Thomas of Georgia Tech, it could instantly tell recyclers how to recover components.

PROBLEM: That spinning hard drive SOLUTION: Switch to flash memory Future laptops could knock 10 percent off their energy use just by replacing hard drives with solid-state, or flash, memory, which has no watt-hungry moving parts. Dell debuted a laptop with a 32-gigabyte solid-state drive this year. By 2012, manufacturer Samsung says, the drives may hold about 30 times as much data.

PROBLEM: Energy-intensive manufacturing SOLUTION: Build more- efficient factories Producing a laptop requires nearly as much energy as it will use over the rest of its life, but new plants may slash this consumption. One of the world's greenest computer--chip factories could go online as early as 2009. The Texas Instruments plant in Richardson, Texas, will consume 20 percent less electricity and 35 percent less water, spit out 50 percent fewer nitrogen oxides—and cost 30 percent less to build—than TI's previous plant. In one energy-saving measure, the plant uses the waste heat generated by its huge air conditioners to warm water for free, eliminating the need for four polluting gas boilers.